# # Systematic Analogies # # # Peter Turney # August 13, 2008 # # # (1) A1 ... A10 = scientific analogies # # Adapted from: # # Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought # Keith J. Holyoak and Paul Thagard # MIT Press, 1995 # (Chapter 8: The Analogical Scientist) # # (2) M1 ... M10 = systematic metaphors # # Adapted from: # # Metaphors We Live By # George Lakoff and Mark Johnson # University of Chicago Press, 1980 # # (3) Part of speech tags from Penn Treebank Project # # Santorini, B. 1990. Part-of-Speech Tagging Guidelines # for the Penn Treebank Project (3rd revision, 2nd # printing). Technical Report, Department of Computer # and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania. # # http://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/570/ # # A1: left = source = solar system A1: right = target = atom # A1 { solar system = atom = NN sun = nucleus = NN planet = electron = NN mass = charge = NN attracts = attracts = VBZ revolves = revolves = VBZ gravity = electromagnetism = NN } A1 # A2: left = target = heat transfer A2: right = source = water flow # A2 { heat = water = NN transfers = flows = VBZ temperature = pressure = NN burner = water tower = NN kettle = bucket = NN heating = filling = VBG cooling = emptying = VBG thermodynamics = hydrodynamics = NN } A2 # A3: left = target = sounds A3: right = source = waves # A3 { sounds = waves = NNS wall = shore = NN echoes = reflects = VBZ air = water = NN insulation = breakwater = NN loud = rough = JJ quiet = calm = JJ vibrating = crashing = VBG } A3 # A4: left = target = respiration A4: right = source = combustion # A4 { respiration = combustion = NN animal = fire = NN food = fuel = NN breathing = burning = VBG living = hot = JJ vigorous = intense = JJ oxygen = oxygen = NN carbon dioxide = carbon dioxide = NN } A4 # A5: left = target = light A5: right = source = sound # A5 { light = sound = NN red = low = JJ violet = high = JJ reflects = echoes = VBZ bright = loud = JJ dim = quiet = JJ lens = horn = NN } A5 # A6: left = target = planet A6: right = source = projectile # A6 { planet = projectile = NN orbit = trajectory = NN sun = earth = NN elliptical = parabolic = JJ space = air = NN gravity = gravity = NN attracts = attracts = VBZ } A6 # A7: left = target = natural selection A7: right = source = artificial selection # A7 { species = breeds = NNS competition = selection = NN adaptation = conformance = NN natural = artificial = JJ fitness = popularity = NN mating = breeding = VBG wild = domesticated = JJ } A7 # A8: left = target = gas molecules A8: right = source = billiard balls # A8 { molecules = balls = NNS gas = billiards = NN temperature = speed = NN container = table = NN pressing = bouncing = VBG moving = moving = VBG cold = slow = JJ hot = fast = JJ } A8 # A9: left = target = mind A9: right = source = computer # A9 { mind = computer = NN thinking = processing = VBG forgetting = erasing = VBG memorize = write = VB remember = read = VB memory = memory = NN muscles = outputs = NNS senses = inputs = NNS mistake = bug = NN } A9 # A10: left = target = bacterial mutation A10: right = source = slot machine # A10 { bacteria = slot machines = NNS genes = reels = NNS mutating = spinning = VBG reproducing = winning = VBG dying = losing = VBG } A10 # M1: left = target = argument M1: right = source = war # M1 { argument = war = NN debater = soldier = NN refute = destroy = VB arguing = fighting = VBG acceptance = defeat = NN criticizes = attacks = VBZ logic = weapon = NN } M1 # M2: left = target = accepting a belief M2: right = source = buying an item # M2 { believer = buyer = NN belief = merchandise = NN accepting = buying = VBG advocating = selling = VBG rejecting = returning = VBG true = valuable = JJ false = worthless = JJ } M2 # M3: left = target = reasons for a theory M3: right = source = grounds for a building # M3 { reasons = foundations = NNS theories = buildings = NNS confirming = supporting = VBG rational = solid = JJ dubious = weak = JJ flaw = crack = NN } M3 # M4: left = target = difficulties M4: right = source = impediments to travel # M4 { difficulties = obstructions = NNS goal = destination = NN plan = route = NN person = traveller = NN problem solving = travelling = VBG partner = companion = NN succeeding = arriving = VBG } M4 # M5: left = target = time M5: right = source = money # M5 { time = money = NN invest = allocate = VB schedule = budget = NN efficient = effective = JJ quick = cheap = JJ slow = expensive = JJ } M5 # M6: left = target = ideas M6: right = source = seeds # M6 { ideas = seeds = NNS inspired = planted = VBD productive = fruitful = JJ product = fruit = NN develop = grow = VB fail = wither = VB succeed = blossom = VB } M6 # M7: left = target = mind M7: right = source = machine # M7 { mind = machine = NN thinking = working = VBG awake = turned on = JJ asleep = turned off = JJ confused = broken = JJ intelligence = power = NN therapy = repair = NN } M7 # M8: left = target = idea M8: right = source = object # M8 { idea = object = NN understand = hold = VB analyze = weigh = VB important = heavy = JJ trivial = light = JJ } M8 # M9: left = source = following M9: right = target = understanding # M9 { follow = understand = VB leader = speaker = NN path = argument = NN follower = listener = NN lost = misunderstood = JJ wanders = digresses = VBZ twisted = complicated = JJ straight = simple = JJ } M9 # M10: left = source = seeing M10: right = target = understanding # M10 { seeing = understanding = VBG light = knowledge = NN illuminating = explaining = VBG darkness = confusion = NN view = interpretation = NN hidden = secret = JJ } M10 # #